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The Pharmacy POST | Prescription Medication Labels: How to Read

The label on your prescription medication tells you how to take the medicine correctly, as recommended by your healthcare provider for your treatment plan. It’s essential to understand the information on this label. By taking your medication correctly, you will have the best treatment results.

Why is it important to know how to read a prescription medication label?

Taking medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider helps speed recovery from illnesses and manage your diseases. Understanding the parts of a medication label can be difficult. This picture decodes the parts of the prescription label. Learning how to read the label correctly may help reduce the chance of unnecessary visits to the provider’s office, an emergency room, or readmission to the hospital.

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The Pharmacy POST | Understanding the difference between prescription and controlled medications

The distinction between prescription medications and controlled substances lies in their potential for misuse and addiction, leading to varying levels of governmental regulation.
 
Here’s a breakdown:
1. Prescription medications
  • These are drugs that require authorization from a healthcare professional (doctor, nurse practitioner, etc.) to be dispensed by a pharmacist.
  • They are intended for use under medical supervision to ensure proper treatment and minimize risks associated with misuse.
  • Prescription medications can be further categorized as either controlled or non-controlled.
  • Many commonly used medications for chronic conditions like blood pressure, diabetes, asthma, and antibiotics fall under the non-controlled category, according to GoodRx. 
2. Controlled medications (controlled substances)
  • These are prescription medications that have a potential for abuse or dependence and are regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA).
  • The CSA classifies controlled substances into five schedules (I-V) based on their potential for abuse, accepted medical use, and potential for addiction.
    • Schedule I: High potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use (e.g., heroin, LSD, marijuana).
    • Schedule II: High potential for abuse, with potential for severe psychological or physical dependence (e.g., oxycodone, fentanyl, Adderall).
    • Schedule III: Moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence (e.g., Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids).
    • Schedule IV: Low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence (e.g., Xanax, Valium, Ambien).
    • Schedule V: Lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV, consisting primarily of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics (e.g., cough preparations with limited amounts of codeine).
  • The manufacture, possession, and distribution of controlled substances are subject to strict regulations and penalties under federal and state laws.
  • Prescriptions for controlled substances have specific requirements, such as requiring a DEA registration number on the prescription and limitations on refills. 
In essence
  • All controlled medications are prescription medications, but not all prescription medications are controlled.
  • Controlled medications carry a higher risk of misuse and addiction, leading to tighter regulations and restrictions compared to other prescription medications. 
It’s crucial to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions carefully for any prescription medication and to be aware of the specific regulations and risks associated with controlled substances. 
Summary;
Both prescription and controlled medications require a doctor’s order, but controlled medications carry an additional layer of scrutiny and regulation due to their potential for abuse and dependence. 
Prescription medications
  • Prescription medications are drugs that require a doctor’s order because they are considered to be potentially harmful if not used under the supervision of a licensed health care practitioner.
  • These can be used to treat various conditions, ranging from infections to chronic illnesses.
  • Examples include medications for blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes (like insulin), asthma, and antibiotics. 
Controlled medications
  • Controlled substances are a subset of prescription medications, regulated by law due to their high potential for addiction and abuse.
    • They can be helpful for relieving pain and other symptoms, but come with stricter rules regarding their prescribing, dispensing, and refilling to prevent misuse.
    • Examples include narcotic (opioid) pain medications, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and some ADHD medications.  
    Key differences
    • Abuse and dependence potential: Controlled medications have a higher potential for physical and psychological dependence compared to non-controlled prescription medications.
    • Regulation: Controlled substances are regulated and classified by the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), based on their abuse potential.
    • Prescribing and dispensing restrictions: Controlled medications have specific restrictions on how they can be prescribed and refilled. For example, Schedule II controlled substances often cannot be refilled, and strict documentation and tracking are required.
    • Penalties: Violations related to controlled substances can carry more severe penalties than those for non-controlled prescription medications, according to Congress.gov. 
    • In essence, while all controlled medications are prescription medications, not all prescription medications are controlled substances. Controlled medications fall under a stricter regulatory framework due to their heightened potential for abuse and dependence, says the DEA. 
      *** This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional. AI responses may include mistakes. 
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Does Regular Ejaculation Help Prostate

Yes, there’s evidence suggesting that regular ejaculation may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Studies indicate that men who ejaculate more frequently, especially those ejaculating 21 or more times per month, may have a lower risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those who ejaculate less often. The potential benefits are linked to the release of prostate fluid during ejaculation, which may help flush out potential toxins. 

Here’s a more detailed explanation:
    • Reduced Prostate Cancer Risk:
      Several studies, including one from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, suggest that frequent ejaculation can lower the risk of prostate cancer. One study found that men who ejaculated more than 20 times a month had a reduced risk compared to those who ejaculated only 4-7 times per month. 

  • Flushing Out Potential Toxins:
    The prostate gland releases fluid during ejaculation. Hartford Hospital reports that this fluid may help remove potentially harmful substances from the prostate, potentially reducing the risk of cancer development. 

  • Improved Blood Flow:
    Sexual activity, including ejaculation, can improve blood flow to the prostate. This increased blood flow can deliver oxygen and nutrients while also removing waste products, promoting overall prostate health. 

  • Possible Mechanisms:
    The mechanisms behind this protective effect are still being researched, but some theories suggest that frequent ejaculation may suppress the sympathetic nervous system, reducing tension and slowing the division of prostate cells. 

  • Not a Cure, But a Potential Protective Factor:
    It’s important to note that these findings don’t mean that frequent ejaculation is a guaranteed preventative measure against prostate cancer, but it is a modifiable risk factor that may be associated with a reduced risk.
    PS: for information only
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Tips for Keeping a Healthy Prostate

Prostate problems can be uncomfortable and worrisome. But, says urologist Christian Pavlovich, M.D., who specializes in urologic cancers, you can take charge and reduce your risk with the following steps for a healthier prostate.

1. Consider a Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean diet may well be the best way to keep your prostate healthy overall, without the need for unproven supplements or vitamins, none of which have been shown to prevent prostate cancer.

The Mediterranean diet is rich in a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables, and also:

  • Whole grains
  • Legumes
  • Healthy fats from sources such as olive oil, nuts, seeds and fatty fish
  • Moderate amounts of seafood
  • Low amounts of dairy and red meat

While you’re filling your plate with fresh fruits and vegetables, avoid charred meats. There is believed to be a link between PhIP, a chemical compound released when meat is charred, and an increased risk of cancer.

2. Skip vitamin E supplements

While no supplements or vitamins have been shown to decrease a man’s risk of developing prostate cancer, one vitamin taken has been shown to increase a man’s risk of prostate cancer: Vitamin E. A national trial showed that subjects who took 400 IU/day of vitamin E for about five years had a 17% increase in prostate cancer diagnoses. Supplementing with Vitamin E is definitely not recommended for prostate health.

3. Get some sun

Don’t ditch the sunscreen, but don’t hide from the sun either. Too little sun exposure can actually increase your risk of getting prostate cancer. We get a lot of valuable vitamin D from the sun, and this is a great way to reduce your risk of prostate cancer.

Vitamin D also helps keep us healthy in other ways. It’s good for heart health, and it keeps your kidneys and pancreas healthy.

4. Get screened

Prostate cancer screening recommendations are different depending on whether you’re in a high-risk or an average-risk group. If you are in a high-risk group, you should consider getting screened for prostate cancer starting at age 40. Men who are at normal risk are encouraged to consider screenings starting between ages 45 and 55.

Men with a higher risk of developing prostate cancer include:

  • African-Americans
  • Men with a first- or second-degree relative with a history of:
    •  Metastatic prostate cancer
    • Metastatic male breast cancer
    • Female breast cancer at age 45 or younger
    • Endometrial cancer at age 50 or younger
    • Colon cancer
    • Pancreatic cancer.
  • Men with two or more first- or second-degree relatives who were diagnosed with:
    • Prostate cancer
    • Colon cancer
    • Breast cancer
    • Endometrial cancer
  • Men with a known familial cancer syndrome or a known genetic risk for cancer such as a BRCA2 gene mutation
  • Men exposed to Agent Orange

Screening typically includes a digital rectal exam and a PSA test. This blood test, commonly used to screen for prostate cancer, measures how much prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is in your blood.

If your PSA test indicates an above-normal result, your doctor may recommend a prostate MRI and other tests, including another blood test called the prostate health index (PHI).

  • PHI is related to PSA, but it provides a more complete picture of prostate cancer risk. The test was FDA-approved in 2012, and Johns Hopkins is one of a few American medical centers to perform the test regularly.
  • A suspicious digital rectal exam will lead to a recommendation for a prostate biopsy. But for a patient with an elevated PSA and a normal digital rectal exam, the doctor will assess the risk of cancer in context with the PHI or other blood or urine tests, an MRI, and the patient’s baseline risk status before recommending a prostate biopsy.

There are pros and cons to prostate cancer screenings, and a decision to begin screening should be made with your primary care doctor or urologist.

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Dangers of smoking to your Health

Smoking has numerous serious and well-documented dangers for a person’s health, affecting nearly every organ in the body. Even smoking just a few cigarettes daily or only on occasion significantly increases the risk of developing various health problems. 
Here’s a breakdown of the key dangers:
1. Respiratory Diseases:
  • Lung Cancer: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for about 80% of cases.
  • COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): This serious and disabling condition, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, is primarily caused by smoking. It limits airflow in the lungs and can be progressive.
  • Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections: Smoking damages the airways and small air sacs in the lungs, making smokers more vulnerable to infections like pneumonia and tuberculosis. 
2. Cardiovascular Diseases:
  • Heart Disease and Stroke: Smoking is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and blood circulation problems.
  • Atherosclerosis: The chemicals and tar in cigarettes contribute to the buildup of plaque in blood vessels, which can lead to blockages and dangerous health problems.
  • Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Smoking is directly linked to PAD, where arteries to the arms and legs narrow, restricting blood flow and increasing the risk of blood clots, angina, stroke, and heart attack. 
3. Cancers:
  • Widespread Cancer Risk: Smoking is not limited to lung cancer; it can cause cancer in almost any part of the body, including the mouth, throat, esophagus, kidney, cervix, liver, bladder, pancreas, stomach, colon/rectum, and is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Damaged DNA: Poisons in tobacco smoke damage DNA, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and cancerous tumors. 
4. Other Health Problems:
  • Reproductive Issues: Smoking can make it harder to get pregnant and increases the risk of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, low birth weight, and congenital malformations in babies born to women who smoke during pregnancy.
  • Erectile Dysfunction: Men who smoke are at a higher risk of erectile dysfunction due to damaged blood vessels.
  • Vision Problems: Smoking increases the risk of cataracts, macular degeneration, and vision loss.
  • Dental Issues: Smoking damages teeth and gums, leading to decay, stains, and potential tooth loss.
  • Weakened Immune System: Smoking reduces immune function and increases inflammation, making the body more vulnerable to autoimmune conditions like Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Skin Problems: Smoking can cause premature skin aging, wrinkles, delayed wound healing, and increases the risk of certain skin cancers.
  • Diabetes: Smoking is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and its associated complications.
  • Joint Damage: Smoking increases inflammation and can worsen joint pain and increase the risk of conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. 
In summary, smoking is incredibly detrimental to health, causing a wide range of debilitating and potentially fatal diseases. Quitting smoking is essential for significantly reducing these risks and improving overall well-being. 
Major Health Risks:
  • Cancer: Smoking is a leading cause of various cancers, including lung, mouth, throat, bladder, and pancreatic cancer.
  • Heart and Vascular Disease: Smoking damages blood vessels, increasing the risk of coronary heart disease, heart attacks, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
  • Lung Diseases: Smoking is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and can worsen asthma.
  • Other Health Issues: Smoking can also lead to Type 2 diabetes, vision problems (like cataracts and macular degeneration), weakened immune function, fertility problems, and premature aging of the skin. 
Effects on Specific Body Systems:
  • Respiratory System: Smoking damages airways, air sacs, and cilia in the lungs, leading to reduced lung function, increased risk of infections like pneumonia and tuberculosis, and chronic cough.
  • Cardiovascular System: Nicotine causes blood vessels to tighten and increases blood pressure, while other chemicals damage artery linings, contributing to atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
  • Integumentary System (Skin, Hair, Nails): Smoking can cause premature aging, wrinkles, skin damage, hair loss, and discoloration of nails.
  • Reproductive System: Smoking can negatively impact both male and female fertility and increase risks for pregnancy complications like miscarriage and low birth weight babies.
  • Central Nervous System: Nicotine’s addictive nature can impact mood and cognitive function, potentially worsening anxiety and depression.
  • Other Effects: Smoking can also affect the digestive system, oral hygiene, and bone density. 
Secondhand Smoke:
  • Exposure to secondhand smoke is also harmful, causing health problems in non-smokers, including heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory issues, particularly in children. 
Quitting Smoking:
  • Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk of smoking-related diseases and can lead to improvements in health over time. Many of the negative health effects can begin to reverse shortly after quitting. 
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The health benefits of matcha tea

The health benefits of matcha tea

Matcha tea has received a lot of health buzz over the years and for a good reason – this powdered variety of green tea is packed with nutrition benefits. Since it is highly concentrated, it may have three times the antioxidant power of regular green tea, says Shayna Komar, RD, LD, a licensed and registered dietitian at Thomas F. Chapman Family Cancer Wellness at Piedmont.

According to Komar, studies have found that matcha:

Matcha has a different flavor than traditional green tea because it is made from tea leaves that are ground into a fine powder. Traditional green tea is made from tea leaves, veins and stems.

“Due to the high chlorophyll and amino acid content, matcha is aromatic and has a unique vegetal taste and a lingering sweet aftertaste,” Komar says.

How to add matcha tea to your diet

Matcha tea is more versatile than you think. In addition to enjoying a cup of matcha tea or a matcha latte, Komar suggests:

  • Adding it to boiling water when cooking oatmeal, pasta, grains or soups
  • Adding it to smoothies
  • Stirring the powder into muffin mix before baking

“You don’t really taste it too much once you add it to these foods,” she says.

Matcha tea and lead contamination

Some research suggests that lead contamination is a concern with matcha. To decrease your risk, Komar says, “Be a label detective and buy your matcha green tea from Japan, not China.”

Can you drink too much matcha?

“I caution people about consuming too much caffeine,” she says. “Even the decaf varieties contain some natural caffeine that affects people. Because matcha is made from crushed whole tea leaves, the caffeine content is somewhat higher than that of bagged tea.”

Matcha contains about 70 milligrams of caffeine per cup, while coffee contains 100 to 120 milligrams per cup.

“Remember, caffeine tends to be addictive and drinking too much of it can lead to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if you ever stop drinking it,” she says. “I suggest sticking to one or two cups of matcha green tea per day

summary;

Matcha is a type of green tea, produced from the same plant as ‘regular’ tea – Camellia sinensis. Originally served at tea ceremonies in Japan, matcha tea is now widely available and used in the food industry and in cooking.

Matcha’s different appearance, taste and nutrient profile to black tea is because it is grown and produced differently. The plants are covered with bamboo mats during most of the growing period, which increases the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves and results in its characteristic bright green colour.

Made from the youngest, freshest part of the plant, the leaves are steamed to preserve their colour and nutrients, then dried using a specialist tencha-ro machine. The stems and veins of the remaining “tencha” are removed and the leaves are ground to a fine powder. This means when we enjoy a cup of matcha we consume the whole leaf rather than just an infusion of its leaves. This means matcha contains more fibre than tea, and counts as a plant food (useful to know if you’re following the 30 plants a day plan!).

Some products sold as ‘matcha’ may in fact be powdered versions of green tea. These products look very similar so it’s not always easy to differentiate them – these are the powders often used in food products such as cake and ice cream.

Matcha benefits include:

Nutritional profile of matcha tea

Thanks to their unique growing conditions, the tea plants produce higher amounts of amino acids, including L-theanine, plant compounds called polyphenols as well as antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin C. Matcha is also relatively high in caffeine compared to other teas.

It’s worth remembering that the nutritional value of your prepared tea will depend on the temperature of the water you use – so always use hot, but not boiling water, for optimal results.

Ingredients and equipment to make matcha tea

What are the health benefits of matcha?

1. Rich in protective polyphenols

Compounds called polyphenols are known to protect the body against disease and make an important contribution towards a healthy, balanced diet. Matcha tea is especially rich in these protective plant compounds, although the tea is not necessarily as high in the catechins that green tea is famed for.

This is because the younger leaves and the shaded growing conditions produce lower levels of some of these compounds, such as epigallocatechin and epicatechin, while having significantly higher levels of others, such as epigallocatechin gallate. The unique manufacturing process also preserves much of the plant’s nutrient value.

2. Boosts brain health, function and alertness

Matcha is a concentrated source of polyphenols, chlorophyll, caffeine and L-theanine – all of which benefit brain function. As a stimulant, caffeine acts on the central nervous system, increasing energy metabolism throughout the brain as well as heightening alertness and memory performance. Caffeine also has antioxidant properties and in conjunction with the catechins in matcha, may help prevent the occurrence or progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

3. May have a stress-relieving effect

The amino acid L-theanine may have benefits for the nervous system. From a calming perspective, it helps increase levels of the relaxing neurotransmitter GABA which soothes and relaxes the mind.

However, how effective your cup of matcha is depends on the authenticity of its origin and the important process of shading during the growing stage, because this increases levels of L-theanine. Traditional Japanese matcha is rich in L-theanine, with lower levels of caffeine and catechins. Sadly, commercially processed matcha often fails to meet this ratio and as a result lacks these stress-busting benefits.

4. May support a healthy heart and cardiovascular system

Studies suggests that like green tea, matcha is a good choice if you’re looking to reduce your risk of heart disease and associated conditions, including heart attack and stroke. One way it may help is in its beneficial effects on cholesterol management.

5. May be good for bone health

Some studies suggest that by choosing tea, especially varieties of green tea, you may help strengthen your bones and as a result reduce your risk of bone fracture. Green tea, including matcha, appeared to be more beneficial in increasing bone mineral density than other kinds of tea owing to its higher levels of plant compounds, that reduced oxidation and increased antioxidant capacity.

6. May aid weight management

The plant compounds and caffeine in varieties of green tea like matcha may boost metabolic rate and speed up fat burning in those with a high proportion of abdominal fat, according to studies. These effects can be enhanced when the consumption of matcha is combined with a daily programme of 30 minutes of brisk walking.

7. May support blood sugar management

Studies suggest green tea, including matcha, may improve how responsive we are to the blood sugar hormone insulin. As a result, it may have a beneficial effect on our ability to manage our blood glucose levels.

8. May improve gut health

Plant compounds including polyphenols, pass unabsorbed to the large intestine where they are broken down by gut bacteria. In this way, they provide a source of fuel for the beneficial bacteria that reside in this part of the gut, allowing them to thrive and diversify and helping to improve gut function and modify the immune system.

How to prepare matcha tea

Sift 1-2 tsp matcha powder into a tea bowl and add hot – but not boiling – water. Whisk the tea vigorously in a zig-zag motion until it’s frothy and enjoy!

Is matcha tea safe for everyone?

Matcha tea is generally recognised as safe for most of us. However, if you’re sensitive to caffeine, it’s advisable to limit the total number of caffeinated drinks you consume, including matcha. Consuming too much caffeine from any source may disrupt your sleep and, in some people, increases anxiety; if this is relevant to you, look to reduce your intake and aim to have your last caffeinated drink at about 12 noon. Other groups who should limit their caffeine intake include pregnant women.

If you’ve been diagnosed with iron-deficiency anaemia you should be aware that, similar to other teas, matcha contains tannins. These natural compounds interfere with the absorption of iron, hence it’s wise to avoid drinking tea with your meal – instead wait for at least one hour before you have a brew.

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HAPPY CHILDREN’S DAY

Celebrating kids’ achievements and special occasions like birthdays can involve a variety of methods, from simple gestures to elaborate events. Regardless of the approach, the goal is to make the child feel loved, valued, and appreciated. 

Here’s a breakdown of how to celebrate:

1. Recognizing Achievements:
  • Positive Reinforcement: Acknowledge and praise good behaviors, effort, and accomplishments, both big and small. 
  • Special One-on-One Time: Spend quality time with your child, engaging in activities they enjoy. 
  • Success Wall: Create a visual display to showcase accomplishments, like awards, certificates, or photos. 
  • Certificates or Recognition: Provide personalized certificates or notes acknowledging achievements. 
  • Lunchbox Surprise: Include a special treat or a handwritten note in their lunchbox. 
2. Birthday Celebrations:
  • Simple Celebrations:
    Enjoy a special breakfast, have a family dinner, or create a “celebration jar” to collect notes of praise and appreciation. 

  • Party Ideas:
    Host a themed party, a sleepover, or a jam session with friends and family. 

  • Scavenger Hunts:
    Organize a scavenger hunt leading to a special treat or activity, says the parenting blog Parenting Place. 

  • Inflatable Bounce House:
    Consider an inflatable bouncer for a fun and engaging birthday celebration. 

  • Family Traditions:
    Establish birthday traditions like a special breakfast or dinner, or a photo session. 

3. Beyond Birthdays and Achievements:
  • Everyday Celebrations: Make meals a special occasion, play games, or have a family movie night. 
  • Acts of Kindness: Encourage acts of kindness and generosity, which can be celebrated in the moment. 
  • Create Memories: Take photos, videos, or write down memories to cherish. 
  • Scavenger Hunts: Organize scavenger hunts that lead to a special treat or activity. 
  • Personalized Gifts: Consider personalized gifts to commemorate special occasions and help your child learn to recognize their name, according to the website My 1st Years. 
  • Art and Craft Parties: Host art and craft parties for a unique and creative celebration. 
  • Cupcake Decorating: Make a cupcake decorating party a fun and engaging activity. 
4. Important Considerations:
  • Age Appropriateness: Adjust celebrations to match the child’s age and developmental stage. 
  • Individual Preferences: Consider the child’s personality and interests when planning celebrations. 
  • Positive and Encouraging: Focus on positive reinforcement and encouragement, rather than punishment. 
  • Involving the Child: Involve the child in planning their celebrations to make them feel more involved and valued. 
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Managing Poly-pharmacy In Community Pharmacy

Managing polypharmacies in a community pharmacy involves proactively identifying and addressing unnecessary or potentially harmful medications while optimizing medication regimens for individual patients. The process includes medication reviews, patient education, and collaboration with other healthcare professionals.
Here’s a more detailed look at how community pharmacists can effectively manage polypharmacy:

 

1. Medication Reviews and Reconciliation:
Medication Therapy Reviews (MTRs):
.
Pharmacists thoroughly review a patient’s medication list, including prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medications.
Medication Reconciliation:
.
The process involves comparing a patient’s medication list to the one documented in their electronic health record (EHR), identifying discrepancies, and ensuring accuracy.
Personal Medication Records (PMRs):
.
Encouraging patients to maintain and update their PMR helps them track their medications and share this information with their healthcare providers.

2. Identifying and Addressing Polypharmacy:
Beers Criteria:
Pharmacists can use the Beers Criteria, a list of potentially inappropriate medications for older adults, as a guide to identify medicines that may not be appropriate for a patient’s specific needs.
Drug-Drug and Drug-Disease Interactions:
MTRs help identify potential interactions between medications and between medications and the patient’s existing health conditions.
Deprescribing:
Pharmacists can help identify and recommend discontinuing unnecessary medications, ensuring a clear indication for each remaining medication.

3. Patient Education and Empowerment:
Adherence Counselling:
.
Providing education on how to take medications correctly, including timing, dosage, and storage, can improve adherence and reduce the risk of polypharmacy-related problems.
Shared Decision-Making:
.
Involving patients and their carers in the decision-making process regarding their medication regimen can increase their understanding and engagement in their care.
Action Plans:
.
Pharmacists can create action plans with clear steps for patients to follow to address medication-related problems.

4. Collaboration and Communication:
Team Approach:
Collaborating with physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals can provide a holistic approach to managing polypharmacy.
Care Transitions:
Pharmacists play a crucial role in medication reconciliation and communication during care transitions, such as when a patient moves from an inpatient setting to an outpatient setting.
Communication with Providers:
Pharmacists can communicate findings from MTRs and provide recommendations to prescribers, ensuring appropriate prescribing and medication adjustments.

5. Ongoing Monitoring and Evaluation:
Regular Reviews:
Pharmacists should regularly review patients’ medication regimens to assess their effectiveness and safety.
Monitoring for Adverse Drug Events:
Pharmacists should be vigilant in monitoring for adverse drug reactions and drug interactions.
Adjustments:
Based on ongoing monitoring, pharmacists can recommend adjustments to the medication regimen to optimize therapeutic outcomes.
By implementing these strategies, community pharmacists can make a significant impact in managing polypharmacy, improving patient safety, and enhancing overall healthcare outcome

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Taking Viagra for the First Time? Here’s How to Get the Best Results

Believe it or not, Viagra (sildenafil) is one of the most popular medications in the U.S. The blue, diamond-shaped pill is known for its ability to help men fight back against erectile dysfunction (ED). However, Viagra’s popularity doesn’t mean the medication is always self-explanatory.

If you’re using this medication for the first time, here’s how to take Viagra for the best results.

What is Viagra?
Viagra is a prescription medication commonly used to treat ED, a condition that affects over 150 million people worldwide. While the brand-name prescription comes in a blue tablet form, generic sildenafil is a white tablet. Viagra and its generics are prescribed as 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg tablets.

Sildenafil can also treat pulmonary arterial hypertension, a type of lung high blood pressure. However, only Revatio-equivalent sildenafil is FDA-approved for this particular condition.

Getting ahead of potential problems: Here are some of the most notable Viagra side effects, from headaches to vision changes — and how to manage them:

Is Viagra right for you? Several health conditions and interacting medications can make taking Viagra especially risky. Check to find out if these scenarios apply to you.
Get your questions answered: Are you curious about the duration of Viagra’s stay in your system? Read more to find out — plus answers to several other frequently asked questions.
How does Viagra work to treat ED?
When you’re aroused, your body releases nitric oxide down below. This compound is a molecule that triggers the events responsible for an erection. But an enzyme (protein) called phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) breaks down certain messengers involved in this process, preventing the desired effect.

While there are several reasons why someone may have difficulty getting or maintaining an erection, PDE5 inhibitors that block this enzyme, such as Viagra, are often used as a remedy.

Viagra and other PDE5 inhibitors, such as Cialis (tadalafil) and vardenafil, help relax muscles and arteries inside the penis. This process helps more blood reach the penis. When aroused, the combination of relaxation and increased blood flow helps fill the penis with blood. That’s how you’re able to achieve an erection.

How to take Viagra for the best results
Here are a few tips on how to take Viagra safely and effectively.

The standard recommended Viagra dosage for treating ED is 50 mg. But your prescriber could recommend taking anywhere from 25 mg to 100 mg per dose, depending on how you respond.

You should only take Viagra once a day. This implies that if you plan to engage in sexual activity more than once throughout the day, you should avoid taking a pill every time. And if you take a pill and it doesn’t work for you, donot take another one. Exceeding the recommended Viagra dosage can put you at risk for serious side effects.

Because Viagra can also affect other parts of the body, such as the heart and lungs, it’s important to stick to the dose and instructions your prescriber provides. And if your prescribed Viagra dose isn’t working for you, they may make adjustments to find one that works.

Take it on an empty stomach
You can take Viagra with or without food, but it works best on an empty stomach. So, to maximize its effects, try to take it separately from meals.

But if you eat beforehand, avoid taking it with a high-fat meal. Eating fatty foods can slow down the absorption of the medication and prolong the time it takes for Viagra to start working.

Know the potential side effects of Viagra
The most common Viagra side effects include:

Flushing
Indigestion or heartburn
Headache
Insomnia
Changes in vision
Nosebleeds
Nasal congestion
More serious side effects are also possible. Viagra and other ED medications can rarely cause dangerously long-lasting erections. An erection lasting longer than 4 hours is known as priapism. If left untreated, this condition can cause permanent damage to the tissue that helps you become erect. We will delve deeper into this topic in a later section.

Who Shouldn’t Take Viagra? Advice for Older Adults, People with Heart Problems, and More

Viagra and Alcohol: Can You Take Erectile Dysfunction Medications and Drink?

Viagra: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, & More
What’s more, your prescriber may warn you not to use Viagra if you have certain heart conditions or take blood pressure medications that relax your blood vessels, including nitrates like isosorbide, dinitrate, or nitroglycerin. Such caution is due to the increased risk of heart attack or dangerously low blood pressure.

How long does it take Viagra to work?
After taking Viagra, the medication quickly enters your system. Viagra should start working within an hour. But this timeframe can vary for different people. You can take it anywhere from 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual activity to see how it affects you.

You may be wondering if there are ways to help Viagra work even faster, such as chewing or crushing the tablet and dissolving it under your tongue. However, this is not the intended method of action. Viagra should be swallowed whole.

How long does Viagra last?
The effects of Viagra usually last 4 to 8 hours. The specific time frame Viagra lasts depends on the person and the dose you take. In fact, some people may experience more than one erection during this time.

But just because Viagra lasts 8 hours doesn’t mean your erection should. If your erection lasts more than 4 hours — even if it is not painful — seek medical help right away. Treat priapism immediately to prevent potential long-term damage.

If you have sickle cell anaemia, multiple myeloma, leukaemia, or certain penile deformities (such as Peyronie’s disease), you’re more likely to have a prolonged erection.

Does Viagra make you last longer?
Not typically. Just as there are several reasons why someone experiences ED, the same goes for premature ejaculation. And while medications like Viagra can help your erection stay firm, it usually aren’t the first choice for preventing ejaculation.

However, the two issues often happen together. Your prescriber may recommend taking Viagra to help address ED. As a result of treatment, you may see some improvement with how long you last.

If you’re still not lasting as long as you’d like during sex, your prescriber may have you try behavioural methods (e.g., practising ejaculation control), counselling, or other medications — such as numbing creams or antidepressants — to help.

The bottom line
Viagra (sildenafil) can be an effective option to help you achieve and maintain an erection. To get the best results, take Viagra on an empty stomach at least an hour before sexual activity, and follow the instructions from your prescriber. If your erection lasts over 4 hours, get medical attention right away to avoid possible long-term damage.

References
Brody, S., et.al. (2015). Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation: interrelationships and psychosexual factors. The Journal of Sexual Medicine.

Davies, K. P. (2015). Development and therapeutic applications of nitric oxide-releasing materials to treat erectile dysfunction. This study was published in Future Science OA, a journal that focuses on innovative scientific research.

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How To Build a Global Pharmacy Brand

Building a global pharmacy brand is a multifaceted endeavor that requires strategic planning, market understanding, and effective execution. Here are some key steps to consider:

1. Market Research and Analysis
Identify Target Markets: Determine which countries or regions demand the highest pharmaceutical products and services.
Understand Regulations: Research the regulatory requirements for pharmaceuticals in each target market, including licensing, import/export laws, and health regulations.
Competitor Analysis: Analyze existing pharmacy brands in the target markets to understand their strengths, weaknesses, and market positioning.

2. Brand Development
Brand Identity: Develop a strong brand identity that includes a memorable name, logo, and tagline. Ensure that the brand resonates with the target audience and reflects the values of trust, reliability, and quality.
Brand Positioning: Position your brand as a leader in the pharmaceutical industry by highlighting unique selling points such as innovative products, superior customer service, and competitive pricing.

3. Product Portfolio
Diverse Range of Products: Offer a wide range of pharmaceutical products, including prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, health supplements, and wellness products.
Quality Assurance: Ensure that all products meet high-quality standards and are sourced from reputable manufacturers.

4. Distribution Channels
Online Presence: Develop a robust e-commerce platform to reach customers globally. Invest in digital marketing strategies to drive traffic to your online store.
Physical Stores: Establish physical pharmacy locations in key markets. Consider partnerships with local pharmacies to expand your reach.
Supply Chain Management: Optimize your supply chain to ensure timely delivery of products and maintain inventory levels.

5. Marketing and Promotion
Digital Marketing: Utilize social media, search engine optimization (SEO), and pay-per-click (PPC) advertising to promote your brand online.
Content Marketing: Create valuable content such as health blogs, product reviews, and educational videos to engage and inform your audience.
Local Marketing: Tailor marketing campaigns to suit the cultural and social norms of each target market.

6. Customer Service
24/7 Support: Offer round-the-clock customer support to address queries and concerns.
Loyalty Programs: Implement loyalty programs to reward repeat customers and encourage brand loyalty.
Feedback Mechanism: Establish a system for collecting and analyzing customer feedback to continuously improve your products and services.

7. Compliance and Ethics
Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that your operations comply with all local and international regulations.
Ethical Practices: Maintain high ethical standards in all business practices, including marketing, sales, and customer interactions.

8. Partnerships and Collaborations
Healthcare Providers: Collaborate with healthcare providers, hospitals, and clinics to expand your reach and credibility. Pharmaceutical Companies: Partner with pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure a steady supply of high-quality products.

9. Innovation and Technology
Telemedicine: Integrate telemedicine services to provide remote consultations and prescriptions.
AI and Data Analytics: Utilize AI and data analytics to optimize operations, predict market trends, and personalize customer experiences.

10. Monitoring and Evaluation
Performance Metrics: Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to monitor the success of your strategies.
Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and refine your strategies based on performance data and market feedback.

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