World Diabetes Day is a global occasion for people with diabetes, healthcare professionals, advocates, policymakers, and the public to unite to raise awareness of and take action on diabetes.

This World Diabetes Day, get involved and support our call for well-being to be put at the heart of diabetes care.

Overview;
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the body can’t produce enough insulin or can’t use insulin properly.

What happens
The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy. When the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to insulin, blood sugar levels remain too high.

Symptoms
Symptoms include excessive thirst or urination, fatigue, weight loss, or blurred vision. However, there are often no symptoms.

Complications
Over time, high blood sugar levels can lead to serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.

Treatment
There’s no cure for diabetes, but it can be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. This includes:

Losing weight

Eating healthy food

Being active

Taking medicine as prescribed

Getting diabetes self-management education and support

Making and keeping health care appointments

Types of diabetes
The most common types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2:

Type 1 diabetes: The body makes little or no insulin because the immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin.

Type 2 diabetes: The body may still be able to make insulin, but cells don’t respond well to insulin.

Complications:
Heart disease, vision loss, kidney disease, nerve damage, skin conditions, hearing impairment, sleep apnea, and dementia
Treatment:
Diet, oral medications, or insulin

Summary:
Diabetes, a chronic condition affecting millions worldwide, is more than just high blood sugar. It’s a complex health issue that can lead to a range of severe complications. In this succinct yet informative article, we will delve into the various aspects of diabetes, from its types and causes to the common complications it can bring about. We’ll also discuss crucial management strategies and the importance of early detection. Whether you’re living with diabetes or seeking knowledge to support a loved one, this overview will provide you with valuable insights into this prevalent medical condition and how to navigate its challenges effectively.

Understanding Diabetes
Understanding diabetes is pivotal in managing this complex condition. Diabetes is primarily categorized into two types, each with distinct characteristics. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This typically occurs during childhood or adolescence, necessitating lifelong insulin therapy to regulate blood sugar levels.

Conversely, Type 2 diabetes, the more common form, is often linked to lifestyle factors. In Type 2 diabetes, the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or becomes resistant to its effects. This type is closely associated with obesity, poor diet, sedentary habits, genetics, and a family history of diabetes.

Understanding these fundamental differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is essential, as it guides the approach to treatment and management. By recognizing the type of diabetes one has, individuals can work with healthcare professionals to develop tailored strategies for better blood sugar control and overall health.

Causes and Risk Factors
The causes and risk factors associated with diabetes are multifaceted and play a pivotal role in its development. While genetics can predispose some individuals to diabetes, lifestyle factors also significantly contribute to its onset.

Genetic Predisposition: A family history of diabetes can increase the likelihood of developing the condition. Specific genes may make some individuals more susceptible.

Obesity: Excess body weight, particularly around the abdomen, is a leading risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Fat cells, especially in this area, can contribute to insulin resistance.

Poor Diet: Diets high in refined sugars, unhealthy fats, and low in fiber can contribute to diabetes. Consuming sugary beverages and processed foods can lead to weight gain and insulin resistance.

Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle can impair the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels, making it a significant risk factor.

Gestational Diabetes: Some women may develop diabetes during pregnancy, known as gestational diabetes. This condition increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Understanding these causes and risk factors empowers individuals to make informed choices about their lifestyle, thereby reducing the risk of diabetes and its associated complications.

Common Complications of Diabetes
Diabetes, if not effectively managed, can lead to a range of debilitating and potentially lifethreatening complications. Here are some of the common complications associated with this chronic condition:

Cardiovascular Complications: Diabetes significantly increases the risk of heart disease, including coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and strokes. High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and nerves, making the cardiovascular system vulnerable.

Neuropathy: Nerve damage due to diabetes, known as neuropathy, can lead to tingling, numbness, and pain, typically in the extremities. Severe cases may result in amputations.

Nephropathy: Over time, diabetes can damage the kidneys, leading to a condition called nephropathy. It can progress to chronic kidney disease or even kidney failure.

Retinopathy: Elevated blood sugar levels can harm the blood vessels in the retina, leading to a condition known as retinopathy. It can cause vision problems and, if left untreated, potentially lead to blindness.

These complications underscore the importance of vigilant diabetes management, including blood sugar control, regular medical check-ups, and a healthy lifestyle. Awareness and proactive measures can mitigate the risk of these severe complications, allowing individuals with diabetes to lead healthier lives.

Management and Prevention of Complications
Managing and preventing complications in diabetes is paramount for enhancing the quality of life and overall well-being of individuals living with this condition. Here are key strategies for managing and preventing diabetes-related complications:

Lifestyle Modifications: A healthy lifestyle is the cornerstone of diabetes management. This includes adopting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Regular physical activity plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar levels, maintaining a healthy weight, and improving insulin sensitivity. Smoking cessation and limiting alcohol consumption are also essential components of a healthy lifestyle for diabetics.

Medications: In some cases, healthcare providers may prescribe medications to help manage blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol. These medications can vary depending on the type of diabetes and individual health needs.

Regular Monitoring: Frequent monitoring of blood sugar levels is critical for tracking how well diabetes is being managed. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers enable early detection and intervention if complications arise.

Preventing complications involves not only managing blood sugar levels but also addressing other risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. By adhering to these management strategies, individuals with diabetes can reduce the risk of complications and enjoy a healthier, more fulfilling life.

Importance of Early Detection:
The importance of early detection in diabetes cannot be overstated, as it can significantly influence the course of the disease and the prevention of complications. Here’s why early detection is crucial:

Regular Check-ups: Routine check-ups and screenings with healthcare professionals are essential for monitoring blood sugar levels and assessing overall health. Early detection allows for timely intervention and adjustments in treatment plans.

Prevention of Complications: Detecting diabetes in its early stages enables proactive measures to prevent or delay the onset of complications such as cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Early management can help individuals maintain better control over their blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of complications.

Improved Quality of Life: Early detection and prompt intervention lead to better glycemic control, which can enhance the overall quality of life for individuals with diabetes. It helps in preventing symptoms from worsening and the need for more aggressive treatments.

Lifestyle Modifications: Early diagnosis provides an opportunity for individuals to make necessary lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthier diet, increasing physical activity, and quitting smoking, which are vital components of diabetes management.

Early detection empowers individuals with diabetes to take control of their health, mitigate complications, and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. Regular monitoring and proactive healthcare are key to achieving these positive outcomes.

Living Well with Diabetes:
Living well with diabetes is entirely achievable with the right knowledge and proactive approach. Here are essential guidelines for individuals to thrive while managing this chronic condition:

Diet and Nutrition: Maintaining a balanced diet is paramount. Focus on portion control, complex carbohydrates, and high-fiber foods. Consultation with a registered dietitian can provide tailored meal plans and strategies for managing blood sugar levels effectively.

Exercise: Regular physical activity is a cornerstone of diabetes management. Engaging in activities like walking, swimming, or cycling can help control blood sugar levels, improve cardiovascular health, and boost overall well-being.

Stress Management: Stress can significantly affect blood sugar levels. Incorporate stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises into your daily routine to help maintain stable glucose levels.

Regular Check-ups: Continual monitoring and regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to catch and manage complications early and adjust treatment plans as needed.

By embracing these principles and maintaining a proactive stance towards diabetes management, individuals can lead full, healthy lives and reduce the risk of complications associated with this condition.

Stem Cell Therapy and Diabetes:
Stem cell therapy has emerged as a beacon of hope in the realm of diabetes management. This innovative approach harnesses the unique regenerative properties of stem cells to address the root causes of the disease. Stem cells, with their remarkable ability to transform into specialized cell types, hold the potential to replenish the pancreatic cells responsible for insulin production.

In the context of diabetes, stem cell therapy primarily revolves around two key objectives. First, it seeks to restore and enhance insulin production, helping individuals regain better control over their blood sugar levels. Second, it aims to mitigate the complications associated with diabetes, potentially preventing or slowing down the progression of issues affecting vital organs like the heart, kidneys, and eyes.

While research into stem cell therapy for diabetes is ongoing, early studies and clinical trials have shown promising results. This therapy may pave the way for more effective and holistic approaches to managing diabetes, offering renewed optimism to those living with this challenging condition. However, it’s essential to underscore that while stem cell therapy holds great promise, it is not yet a definitive cure, and further research and development are needed to unlock its full potential in the battle against diabetes.

Diabetes is a serious health condition that can have far-reaching consequences if not properly managed. Understanding the types, causes, and complications of diabetes is crucial for individuals with diabetes and their caregivers. By adopting a healthy lifestyle and seeking early medical intervention, individuals can reduce the risk of complications and lead fulfilling lives despite diabetes.

Note: There is no known cure for diabetes, but it can be managed to improve symptoms. People with diabetes should also regularly get screened for complications
With proper self-management and good education, people with diabetes can live long, healthy lives.

Here are some key tips for antibiotic safety to ensure they are used effectively and responsibly, reducing the risk of resistance and side effects:

1. Use Antibiotics Only When Necessary
Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, not viral infections like colds or the flu. Always confirm the need for antibiotics with a healthcare provider.

2. Follow the prescribed dosage and Schedule
Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed, at the correct time and in the correct dose. Do not skip doses, and complete the full course, even if you start feeling better before finishing the medication.

3. Do Not Share or Reuse Antibiotics
Never share antibiotics with others or use leftover antibiotics. The specific type and dose may not be appropriate for others and can lead to ineffective treatment or harmful side effects.

4. Avoid Combining with Certain Substances
Some antibiotics can interact with alcohol, certain foods, or other medications. Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist about any foods, beverages, or drugs to avoid during treatment.

5. Store Antibiotics Properly
Keep antibiotics in a cool, dry place away from sunlight and out of reach of children. Follow any specific storage instructions (e.g., refrigeration if needed) to maintain potency.

6. Watch for Side Effects and Allergic Reactions
Common side effects include stomach upset, diarrhea, and yeast infections. If you experience severe reactions like rashes, swelling, or difficulty breathing, seek medical help immediately.

7. Avoid Unnecessary Antibiotics in Food
Choose antibiotic-free or organic meats and poultry, as overuse of antibiotics in agriculture contributes to antibiotic resistance, which can affect human health.

8. Do Not Pressure Healthcare Providers for Antibiotics
Respect your healthcare provider’s judgment if they recommend not using antibiotics for an illness. Overusing antibiotics can lead to resistance, making them less effective when truly needed.

9. Be Aware of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria adapt to survive antibiotic treatment, making infections harder to treat. Using antibiotics responsibly helps slow the spread of resistant bacteria.

10. Practice Good Hygiene to Prevent Infections
Reduce the need for antibiotics by practicing good hygiene, such as regular hand washing, proper wound care, and safe food handling to prevent bacterial infections.
By following these tips, you can help ensure antibiotics remain effective, protect your health, and contribute to the global effort to combat antibiotic resistance.

A cappuccino is a coffee drink that is made with hot milk, coffee, and steamed milk foam. The microfoam has a thick layer. It is served in a cup of 150 to 180 ml with a handle. It has rich texture and flavor. It has the taste of bold coffee. It could be added sugar to enhance the flavor. The Italian cappuccino is made with the use of espresso machines such as the Krups or La Pavoni. In Italy, a barista prepares it. Cappuccino is originated in Italy. The drink which is made from the combination of steamed milk and espresso. It has become widely known in US and considered as a new beverage. It was firstly known in the 20th century. Italians started to add milk in espresso due to which cappuccino was widely popular. As the espresso machines were large early, the cafe was started to provide them. In the coffee shop of US, it served food and black coffee. Then they started to market the drinks such as cappuccinos.
Nutritional value

The serving size of 23 grams of cappuccino contains about 100 calories, 18 grams of carbohydrate, 3 grams of total fat, 13 grams of total sugars, 0.36 mg of iron, 95 mg of sodium, 1.5 grams of total saturated acids and 1 grams of total trans fatty acids.

Types of Cappuccinos:
Traditional cappuccino
It is prepared with two or one shot of espresso, which is topped with foamed or steamed milk layers.

Iced cappuccino
It is the cold interpretation of hot cappuccino. It is also added the cold or frothed milk in Italy.

Wet cappuccino
It is also called light cappuccino or cappuccini chiaro. It is prepared with the use of less foamed milk or hot milk. It is creamy and has diluted taste.

Dry cappuccino
Dry cappuccino is also called dark cappuccino or cappuccino scurro. It contains low amount of milk in comparison to other cappuccino. Low steamed milk is also mixed with high layer of foamed milk.

Flavored cappuccino
It is quite popular in US. The simple syrups are also added to provide flavors such as chocolate, vanilla, peppermint, caramel, cinnamon and raspberry.

http://coffeetea.about.com/od/milksugarmore/tp/Frothing-Foaming-And-Steaming-Milk.htm

Health Benefits of Cappuccino
Cappuccino might be a favorite drink of some people. It provides various psychological health benefits, such as mind stimulation and mental alertness. The research shows that high intake might lead to high waist sizes or BMIs. It has antioxidant properties that help to prevent skin problems and memory loss. The intake of coffee or tea without sugar or milk also assists in weight loss. Most people drink black coffee or tea to prevent fattening. Cappuccino also lowers the chances of cardiovascular ailments.

Prevent heart ailments
Coffee is packed with antioxidants such as flavonoids that prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and prevent heart problems. The study shows that coffee helps to lower the chances of early death in people with diabetes and heart disease.

Lowers stroke
It lowers the chances of stroke. It should be consumed mostly by women, as they have high chances of getting stroke. The study shows that those who drank coffee twice a day’s chances of stroke were reduced by 20 percent.

Prevent type 2 diabetes
The high intake of coffee lowers the chances of developing type 2 diabetes as the bodies resists its insulin. Coffee has antioxidants that prevent the damage of tissue. The minerals assist the body on the use of insulin. The study shows that the compound found in coffee blocks the human islet amyloid polypeptide, which has a vital role in causing diabetes.

Prevents Alzheimer’s
Coffee enhances the short-term memory. The study shows that caffeine stimulates cognitive power, which also enhances brain functions. It also lowers the chances of development of dementia by 65 percent.

Reduce gallstones
The moderate intake of coffee lowers the chances of symptomatic gallstones and also prevents it. Caffeine provides such effect as it enhance the contractions of gallbladder that prevent the formation of stones.

Assist digestion
A cup of coffee helps to assist digestion.

Lowers cancer
The study shows that the intake of coffee lowers the chances of cancer. The study shows that the intake of four cups in a day lowers the chances of death by 50 percent. It also eliminates the chances of skin cancer.

Burn fat
Coffee acts as a diuretic and helps to burn fat that aids in weight loss. It promotes the performance by lowering the fatigue.

Teeth health
The intake of coffee lowers the chances of cavities due to the presence of antibacterial properties.

Prevent headache
Caffeine lowers the blood vessels size and severity of headaches.

Precautions

Side effects such as restlessness, tension, sleeplessness, acute anxiety, heart problems, digestion problems and severe headaches might be experienced.
It might increase the level of blood pressure.
Other Facts

In Italy, it is consumed once with breakfast in a day.
After World War II, it was widely known.
In Greece, Cappuccino Freddo is very popular.
It is very difficult to make it properly.
It has low amount of milk so has the flavor of espresso.
November 8 is considered as the National Cappuccino Day.
Ginger, cocoa, and cinnamon are the most prominent choices.
References:

http://www.teasvscoffees.com/en/cappuccino-benefits/model-2-11

http://readysettrek.com/10-facts-you-dont-know-about-cappuccinos/

Here are some tips to keep your #teeth #white in #Nigeria:

#Dietary #Tips

1. Avoid sugary and acidic foods/drinks (e.g., soda, juice, candy).
2. Limit coffee and tea consumption.
3. Eat crunchy fruits/vegetables (e.g., apples, carrots) to help clean teeth.
4. Incorporate calcium-rich foods (e.g., milk, cheese) for strong teeth.

#Oral #hygiene #Tips

1. Brush teeth at least twice daily with fluoride toothpaste.
2. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
3. Floss daily to remove food particles.
4. Rinse with mouthwash (optional).

#Nigerian-Friendly #Whitening #Tips

1. Use charcoal powder or toothpaste (e.g., activated coconut charcoal).
2. Try traditional Nigerian remedies like chewing sticks (miswak) or bitter kola.
3. Visit a dentist for professional teeth whitening.

Additional #Tips

1. Quit smoking.
2. Limit betel nut consumption.
3. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
4. Regular dental check-ups.

Recommended Toothpaste Brands in Nigeria

1. Close-Up
2. Colgate
3. Sensodyne
4. Macleans

Where to Find #Dental #care in Nigeria

1. Federal Medical Centres
2. Teaching Hospitals
3. Private Dental Clinics (e.g., Smile360, Dental Care Nigeria)
4. Nigerian Dental Association (NDA) registered dentists.

Cost of #Teeth #Whitening in 🇳🇬

1. Professional teeth whitening: ₦50,000 – ₦200,000
2. At-home whitening kits: ₦5,000 – ₦50,000

Remember, consult a dentist before starting any teeth whitening treatment.

Note: Prices may vary depending on location and dentist expertise.

www.pharmahub.com.ng
©️PharmahubNG

Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN) is a professional body for practicing pharmacists in Nigeria and was established in 1927 to instill discipline and maintain professional ethics among members of the organization.[1]

The first president of the association was the late T.K.E Phillips, who was inaugurated as president in the year 1947. The Federal government of Nigeria recognized the association as a professional society in 1956 after it had formally incorporated under its Articles of Association. [2]

Aims and Objectives
To promote and maintain a high standard of Pharmaceutical Education in Nigeria
To maintain a high standard of Professional ethics and discipline among its members
To promote legislation for the enhancement of the image and the interest of the Pharmacy Profession and the Practitioners in Nigeria
To advice on labor conditions relating to Pharmacists
To collate and disseminate statistical, scientific and other information relating to Pharmacy and publish such in an Official Journal
Notable Members
Some past executives of the society include Olumide Akintayo, [3] Adelusi Adeluyi, Lady Eme Ufot Ekaette, Ahmed Yakasai, Sam Ohuabunwa and the Current president, Prof. Cyril Usifoh FPSN, etc.[4]

References
“Yakasai inaugurates Safe Medicines Foundation, unveils advocacy book”. 4 February 2019.
“Aims and Objectives”. Aims and objectives.
“Akintayo Emerges 20th PSN President”. The Vanguard. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
“PSN Landmarks”. Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
https://www.psnnational.org/

Imagine a future where breast cancer prevention is not just a distant hope but a tangible reality. Thankfully, research continues to shed light on practical steps we can take to lower our risk of developing breast cancer.

Certain factors — like age or family history — you can’t control. But there are plenty of other ways to lower your risk. The US Preventive Services Task Force, a panel of experts that issues guidelines about preventive care, amended mammogram guidelines, lowering the age of the first mammogram from 50 to 40, according to the New York Times.

It’s estimated that this change could potentially prevent 1.3 additional breast cancer deaths per 1,000 women (compared with screening that starts at 50). And that number is 1.8 for Black women.

Beyond regular screenings, everyday choices and lifestyle adjustments hold the potential to make a real difference in our health. Below are science-backed strategies that can empower you to take control of your breast cancer risk.

Early Signs of Breast Cancer
The single best way to prevent death or serious complications from breast cancer is self-breast exams. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), this can help you detect early signs of breast cancer, such as:

A new lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area
Swelling, warmth, redness, or darkening of the breast
Changes in breast size or shape
Dimpling or puckering of the skin
Nipple retraction (turning inward) or nipple discharge (other than breast milk)
Scaliness, rash, or crusting of the nipple or surrounding area
Please note that these signs do not necessarily indicate breast cancer, but it’s important to consult with a professional if you notice any persistent changes or abnormalities in your breasts.

Mammogram Guidelines
As mentioned above, there are new mammogram guidelines regarding the frequency of screenings for women. The updated guidelines suggest that women with an average risk for breast cancer should get a mammogram every two years, starting at age 40 instead of 50.

The updated mammogram guidelines aim to ensure earlier detection of breast cancer and are based on extensive research.

However, it’s important for women to discuss their individual risk factors and personal medical history with their physicians to determine the most appropriate screening schedule for them.

Ways to Prevent Breast Cancer
While your risk of developing breast cancer can never be fully eliminated, it’s important to do what you can to help reduce it. Here are the best ways to lower your risk.

1. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Excess body weight, especially after menopause, has been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, per the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF). They recommend keeping your weight at the lower end of the healthy range (BMI of 18.5 to 24.9) by being physically active and eating a healthy diet.

2. Limit Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, as well as many other kinds of cancer. To lower your risk across the board, the WCRF recommends avoiding it altogether.

3. Be Physically Active
In addition to helping boost your overall health and well-being, regular physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer, per the WCRF. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week.

4. Breastfeed (if Possible)
This is a tricky recommendation, as increasingly more people either don’t want to or can’t have children. And even those who do give birth aren’t always able to breastfeed.

However, if you’re able, breastfeeding offers various health benefits for both the mother and the baby. A December 2015 study in the Annals of Oncology suggests that breastfeeding for a longer duration may help reduce the risk of breast cancer.

5. Limit Hormone Therapy
Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy, particularly combined estrogen and progestin therapy, for menopause symptoms has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, per a June 2013 study in the journal Menopause. If you require hormone therapy, talk to your doctor about the duration and type of treatment to minimize risks.

6. Breast Cancer Screenings and Early Detection
As previously mentioned, regular breast cancer screenings, such as mammograms and clinical breast exams, can help detect cancer at early stages when it is more treatable, according to the ACS.

How to Do a Self Breast Exam
Performing a self breast exam can be an important part of early detection. Per the ACS, here are the steps to conduct a self-breast exam:

Stand in front of a mirror with your upper body exposed. Look for any changes in the size, shape, or contour of your breasts. Look for any swelling, dimpling, or changes in the skin texture.
Raise your arms and look for the same changes mentioned above.
While standing or lying down, use the pads of your fingers to examine your breasts. You can start at the nipple and move your fingers in a circular motion around the entire breast area, including the armpit. Apply light, medium, and firm pressure to feel for any lumps, thickening, or abnormalities.
Pay attention to any changes in texture, such as lumps that feel different from the surrounding tissue. Also, check for any discharge from the nipples.
Repeat the process on the other breast.
It’s recommended that you perform a self-breast exam once a month, preferably a few days after your period, when the breasts are less likely to be swollen or tender. And remember, self breast exams should be complemented by regular clinical breast exams and mammograms as recommended by your physician.

Frequently Asked Questions
1. What does breast cancer feel like?
Breast cancer can manifest in different ways and may feel different for each individual. In some cases, breast cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms or physical changes, which is why regular breast cancer screenings are essential for early detection.

However, some common signs and sensations associated with breast cancer can include a new, hard, or painless lump or thickening in the breast or underarm, breast pain or discomfort, and changes in the texture of the breast skin and/or nipple.

2. What happens in a breast screening?
A breast screening typically involves a mammogram, which is the most common type of screening used to detect breast cancer.

During a mammogram, you’ll be asked to undress from the waist up and put on a gown. Then, the technician will position your breast on a platform of a specialized X-ray machine and compress your breast gently between two plates. Compression is necessary to spread out the breast tissue, ensuring clear and accurate imaging while minimizing radiation exposure. They will take a few images of each breast.

The entire procedure usually takes around 15 to 30 minutes, although the actual compression time is typically only a few seconds per image.

3. Are mammograms safe?
Mammograms are generally considered safe and effective. However, it’s important to consider some of the potential downsides associated with the procedure, including radiation exposure (though the dose is kept as low as possible), potential discomfort from your breast being compressed, and false positives (which can be amended with additional screening).

But despite these things, mammograms have been shown to be effective in detecting breast cancer early, which can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Every brain changes with age, and mental function changes along with it. Mental decline is common, and it’s one of the most feared consequences of aging. But cognitive impairment is not inevitable. Here are 12 ways you can help maintain brain function.

1. Get mental stimulation
Through research with mice and humans, scientists have found that brainy activities stimulate new connections between nerve cells and may even help the brain generate new cells, developing neurological “plasticity” and building up a functional reserve that provides a hedge against future cell loss.

Any mentally stimulating activity should help to build up your brain. Read, take courses, try “mental gymnastics,” such as word puzzles or math problems Experiment with things that require manual dexterity as well as mental effort, such as drawing, painting, and other crafts.

2. Get physical exercise
Research shows that using your muscles also helps your mind. Animals who exercise regularly increase the number of tiny blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood to the region of the brain that is responsible for thought. Exercise also spurs the development of new nerve cells and increases the connections between brain cells (synapses). This results in brains that are more efficient, plastic, and adaptive, which translates into better performance in aging animals. Exercise also lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol levels, helps blood sugar balance and reduces mental stress, all of which can help your brain as well as your heart.

3. Improve your diet
Good nutrition can help your mind as well as your body. For example, people that eat a Mediterranean style diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, fish, nuts, unsaturated oils (olive oil) and plant sources of proteins are less likely to develop cognitive impairment and dementia.

4. Improve your blood pressure
High blood pressure in midlife increases the risk of cognitive decline in old age. Use lifestyle modification to keep your pressure as low as possible. Stay lean, exercise regularly, limit your alcohol to two drinks a day, reduce stress, and eat right.

5. Improve your blood sugar
Diabetes is an important risk factor for dementia. You can help prevent diabetes by eating right, exercising regularly, and staying lean. But if your blood sugar stays high, you’ll need medication to achieve good control.

6. Improve your cholesterol
High levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol are associated with an increased the risk of dementia. Diet, exercise, weight control, and avoiding tobacco will go a long way toward improving your cholesterol levels. But if you need more help, ask your doctor about medication.

7. Consider low-dose aspirin
Some observational studies suggest that low-dose aspirin may reduce the risk of dementia, especially vascular dementia. Ask your doctor if you are a candidate.

8. Avoid tobacco
Avoid tobacco in all its forms.

9. Don’t abuse alcohol
Excessive drinking is a major risk factor for dementia. If you choose to drink, limit yourself to two drinks a day.

10. Care for your emotions
People who are anxious, depressed, sleep-deprived, or exhausted tend to score poorly on cognitive function tests. Poor scores don’t necessarily predict an increased risk of cognitive decline in old age, but good mental health and restful sleep are certainly important goals.

11. Protect your head
Moderate to severe head injuries, even without diagnosed concussions, increase the risk of cognitive impairment.

12. Build social networks
Strong social ties have been associated with a lower risk of dementia, as well as lower blood pressure and longer life expectancy.

Eye problems can be easily prevented if you practice essential eye care habits everyday. Surprisingly, they are very practical and easy to accomplish yet they tend to be the most neglected.

To maintain your eye health and to keep your vision sharp, here are twelve things that should be part of your daily routine.

1. Avoid rubbing your eyes.
The hands are exposed to a lot of dirt, dust, and bacteria, and all of these can be easily transferred to your feet each time you touch or rub them. So avoid putting your hands to your eyes to prevent infection and irritation. If the habit is so ingrained on you, make an effort to get rid of it as soon as possible.

2. Practice frequent hand washing.
Wash your hands regularly to keep bacteria at bay and prevent them from getting in contact with your eyes, eyeglasses, and contact lenses.

3. Protect your eyes from the sun.
Exposure to sunlight and UV rays increases your risk for age-related macular degeneration and may cause corneal sunburn or photokeratitis. So aside from making a fashion statement and adding oomph to your overall look, put on those sunglasses to protect your eyes. If wearing them is not up your alley, UV-protected eyeglasses or contact lenses will do. Putting on caps, visors, and hats is also advisable.

4. Stay hydrated.
Sufficient fluid intake is essential to your body’s overall wellbeing, including the eyes. If you’re hydrated enough, you prevent your eyes from getting dry and irritated.

5. Don’t smoke.
Smoking makes you more susceptible to age-related macular degeneration and other eye conditions such as cataracts. Smoking can also damage the optic nerves, which can have adverse effects on your vision over time.

6. Keep a balanced diet.
Beta-carotene, lutein, omega-3, lycopene, and vitamins C, A, and E are essential for maintaining your eye health. Make sure that your diet is infused with different foods that are rich in those nutrients.

7. Keep proper monitor distance and room lighting.
Computer monitors should be positioned about an arm’s length away from the eyes and 20 degrees below eye level. This keeps your eyes from getting strained. Likewise, make sure that you have sufficient but diffused lighting in your room. Focused and too bright lights may result in glare, and this can put too much stress on the eyes.

8. Observe the 20-20-20 rule.
If you want to keep your eyes in great shape, you should adhere to the 20-20-20 rule, which states that:

Every 20 minutes, look away from your computer monitor and fix your gaze on an object that’s 20 feet away from you.
Blink 20 successive times to prevent eye dryness.
Every 20 minutes, get out of your seat and take 20 steps. This is not just good for your vision but also promotes proper posture and blood circulation throughout the body. Yes, it keeps you from being sedentary too.

9. Use the right kind of eye makeup.
If you wear makeup, choose the brands that work well for you. Steer clear of eye shadows, mascara, and eyeliners that cause an allergic reaction to your eyes. Don’t forget to use a makeup remover before going to bed to avoid bacterial buildup from residual makeup left in the eye area. Likewise, clean your make-up brushes regularly, especially those that you use for eye makeup application.

10. Get enough sleep.
Just like the rest of your body, your eyes need to recharge too, and this happens while you sleep. So make sure that you get sufficient shut-eye each day to keep your eyes revitalized and healthy.

11. Wear the appropriate eye safety gear for different activities.
No matter what you do, make sure that your eyes are protected. If you’re going swimming, wear goggles to avoid exposing your eyes to chlorine. Meanwhile, if you’re gardening or attending to a DIY project at home, put on safety glasses to protect your eyes from dust particles, bacteria, and injuries.

12. Keep your surroundings clean.
Exposure to dirt and dust can irritate the eyes, so make sure that the places you frequent are well maintained and clean. Change your linens and towels regularly and keep your workstation clutter-free.

1. Treat customers with respect.

Customers want to feel valued and appreciated. They don’t want to be spoken down to or ignored. When you’re providing customer service, make sure you are respectful and use a polite and helpful tone.

2. Provide prompt assistance.

In my experience, customers hate waiting. They often want help immediately and don’t want to wait long for it. Put a system in place that allows customers to get assistance quickly. This could mean having someone available to answer the phone or having customer service representatives who can promptly address customer concerns.

3. Find solutions that actually meet customer needs.

Not only do many customers dislike waiting, but they also hate having to deal with the same issue repeatedly. They want their problems solved and solutions that meet their specific needs.

When you’re providing customer service, take the time to understand what the customer is asking for and find a solution that works for them. Resolve any problems efficiently and as quickly as possible so that the customer doesn’t have to keep coming back.

4. Communicate clearly and concisely.

Don’t confuse customers about what is happening or what they need to do. When providing customer service, make sure your communication is clear and easy to understand. This includes using simple language and avoiding jargon.

5. Be honest when things go wrong.

Customers appreciate honesty. If something goes wrong, they want to know what happened, and they typically want businesses to be upfront about it. When you run into an issue, always be honest with the customer and don’t try to hide anything.

6. Focus on customer satisfaction and a sense of care.

I’ve found that customers want to feel like they’re the only person that matters and like businesses care about them. Make sure you are focused on the specific customer’s needs and doing everything possible to ensure they are satisfied. Show the customer that you care about their experience and put in the extra effort to help them.

7. Have a positive attitude.

I think many of us can sense when someone is unhappy or doesn’t want to be helping us — don’t let this happen in your customer service. It’s important to have a positive attitude and make it clear you are excited to help the customer. This can make them feel more welcome and appreciated.

8. Educate your team members about your business.

Most people want to work with people who know what they’re doing. Ensure that your staff is knowledgeable about the products and services you offer. This will also help them address customer concerns quickly and effectively.

These are just a few of the most critical factors in providing excellent customer service. If you want to keep your customers happy and satisfied, make sure you focus on these key areas. With so many things to take care of in running a business, aim to make the customer experience as stress-free and pleasant for your clients as you can.

“Pharmacists: Meeting global health needs” is the theme of World Pharmacists Day on 25 September 2024.
FIP, the leader of pharmacy at a global level, has existed for over a century, recognising the need to work across borders in order to improve health. The health challenges our world faces are increasingly international and multidimensional, and the importance of ensuring good health and strong, sustainable health systems in every country, eliminating health inequities, was highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, more countries and organisations have now developed new global health strategies,1-4 setting out urgent current and future challenges, such as lack of access to health care, shortages of healthcare professionals, antimicrobial resistance, climate change and air pollution, HIV, and emerging infectious diseases.

Some of the solutions proposed by these strategies, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, are: strengthening health systems (including improving access to primary health care), preventing health risks, and preparing for and responding to health crises.

Pharmacists serve as integral members of healthcare systems, playing a vital role in meeting health needs. First and foremost, they ensure access to essential medicines and their optimal use, but they also use their expertise to contribute significantly to patient care and public health. In many places, pharmacists are the first point of contact for health advice and primary health care, especially in resource-limited settings. They help prevent diseases (e.g, through administering vaccinations); they conduct health screening, educate patients and help to improve health literacy; they support public health campaigns, participate in research and development of new medicines, lead in pharmacovigilance and make sure that antibiotics are used only when needed; they are implementing greener ways of working and addressing the impact of climate change on health; and they advocate for policy changes that promote better health outcomes. And, as demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacists are at the forefront of addressing global health crises.

In many and diverse ways, every day the pharmacy profession meets health needs. The FIP World Pharmacists Day campaign is a means for the profession to celebrate and make known the contributions it makes to better health around the world. It is also an opportunity to highlight our further potential in improving global health.

We invite colleagues in every country to join us in marking World Pharmacists Day, reminding decision-makers and the public how the role of pharmacists in meeting health needs remains crucial for building healthier communities everywhere.

Join the FIP campaign

World Pharmacists Day (25 September) marks the anniversary of the inception of FIP in 1912 and was adopted by the FIP Council in 2009. As such, the World Pharmacists Day campaign is led by FIP every year, with the theme chosen by the FIP Bureau. In 2020, FIP also created World Pharmacy Week, extending the celebrations of the entire profession and overtly encompassing all sectors of the pharmacy profession. Any reference to “World Pharmacists Day” or “World Pharmacy Week” should, therefore, include FIP.

As a service to the profession, FIP develops and offers a range of World Pharmacists Day / World Pharmacy Week campaign materials for use each year. No fees are required for use of this intellectual property. However, without express permission:

Our World Pharmacists Day / World Pharmacy Week logos/designs may not be used for products/content/events with a commercial purpose;
The FIP logo may not be used;
Our campaign assets must not be altered in any way;
Use of the current year’s assets should not extend beyond 30 September of the same year.

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