To keep your health in check during Easter, focus on balanced eating, physical activity, and moderation of treats while prioritizing rest and mindful practices.

Here’s a more detailed breakdown:
1. Balanced Eating:
Healthy Breakfast: Start the day with a protein-rich breakfast to help control appetite and prevent overeating later.
Snack Wisely: Choose healthy snacks like fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain crackers instead of sugary treats.
Portion Control: Be mindful of portion sizes, especially when indulging in Easter treats.
Incorporate Nutritious Meals: Focus on lean proteins, whole grains, and plenty of vegetables in your meals.
Hydrate: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay hydrated, especially since sugary treats can dehydrate you.

2. Get Active:
Physical Activity: Make time for exercise, such as a walk, bike ride, or playing outdoor games with family.
Easter Egg Hunt: Turn the Easter egg hunt into a fun, active event for all ages.
Family Activities: Organize family activities that encourage movement, like a game of tag or a hike.

3. Moderation and Mindful Practices:
Moderation of Treats: Enjoy Easter treats in moderation and be mindful of sugar intake.
Mindful Eating: Pay attention to your hunger cues and eat without distractions.
Make time for self-care: Prioritize sleep, relaxation, and mindful activities to manage stress and maintain well-being. Change your thoughts around food: Don’t view treats as “good” or “bad,” but as a part of a balanced lifestyle.

4. Tips for Specific Easter Foods:
Chocolate: Enjoy chocolate in moderation, and consider choosing dark chocolate, which has more antioxidants.
Hot Cross Buns: Enjoy hot cross buns in moderation, as they are often high in sugar and refined flour.
Deviled Eggs: Make a healthier version by using Greek yogurt instead of mayonnaise.

5. Additional Tips:
Prioritize Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night.
Control Stress: Find healthy ways to manage stress, such as meditation, yoga, or spending time in nature.
Enjoy the Celebration: Focus on the joy and connection with family and friends rather than just the food.
Plan Ahead: Plan healthy meals and snacks to avoid impulsive choices.

The future pharmacy will be characterized by a blend of digital technology, personalized care, and expanded roles for pharmacists. It will move beyond traditional dispensing to encompass clinical services and health and wellness information. This vision includes greater automation, AI-driven analytics, and the use of digital health tools to empower patients and improve healthcare outcomes.

Here’s a more detailed look at key aspects:

1. Digital Transformation and Enhanced Accessibility:
Telehealth and Online Platforms:
Online consultations and digital health tools will provide convenient access to healthcare professionals and medication management support.
Omnichannel Engagement:
Pharmacies will offer a seamless experience across digital and physical channels, including home delivery, same-day delivery, and on-demand pharmacist support.
Automation and AI:
AI-driven analytics can identify potential medication issues, predict risks, and support pharmacists in managing complex therapies.

2. Expanded Role of Pharmacists:
Healthcare Providers:
Pharmacists will be recognized as healthcare providers, able to diagnose and treat minor acute illnesses, manage chronic conditions, and provide preventative care.
Clinical Services:
Pharmacies will offer a wider range of clinical services, including immunizations, medication counseling, and even prescribing medications.
Specialty Care:
Pharmacists will play a vital role in specialty areas like oncology and cell and gene therapy, leveraging their expertise in pharmacotherapy.

3. Personalized and Patient-Centric Care:
Data-Driven Insights:
Integration of patient data from various sources, including wearable devices and electronic medical records, will enable personalized treatment plans and proactive care management.
Digital Therapeutics and Personalized Health Advice:
Pharmacists will help patients identify and utilize digital health tools, including digital therapeutics, for their specific needs.
Focus on Patient Experience:
Pharmacies will strive to create a more personalized and convenient experience for patients, whether it’s through online platforms, same-day delivery, or in-store services.

4. Opportunities and Challenges:
Opportunities:
Increased access to care, improved patient outcomes, and a more efficient healthcare system.
Challenges:
Regulatory barriers, reimbursement issues, and the need for collaboration and interoperability among different healthcare providers and systems.

5. Key Themes:
Patient-centered care: Focusing on individual patient needs and preferences.
Data-driven decision-making: Leveraging data insights to improve care and outcomes.
Collaboration and integration: Working with other healthcare professionals and systems to provide seamless care.
Accessibility and convenience: Making care more accessible and convenient for patients.

To manage period cramps, consider using heat therapy, such as a heating pad or hot bath; over-the-counter pain relievers, such as NSAIDs (ibuprofen or naproxen); gentle exercise; and relaxation techniques, like yoga or meditation. Additionally, staying hydrated and managing stress can help alleviate symptoms.

Here’s a more detailed look at these strategies:

1. Heat Therapy:
Heating Pad: According to the Cleveland Clinic, applying a heating pad or hot water bottle to your lower abdomen can help relax tense muscles and reduce pain.
Hot Bath: Soaking in a warm bath can also soothe muscles and reduce pain.

2. Pain Relievers: NSAIDs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve), are effective at reducing prostaglandins (hormones that cause contractions and pain).
Acetaminophen:
While not as effective for reducing inflammation as NSAIDs, acetaminophen (Tylenol) can still provide pain relief.

3. Exercise and Relaxation:
Gentle Exercise:
Motrin says light to moderate exercise, like walking or yoga, can help release endorphins (natural pain relievers) and reduce pain.
Yoga and Meditation:
Relaxation techniques, such as yoga and meditation, can help reduce stress and tension, which can worsen menstrual pain.

4. Other Helpful Tips:
Stay Hydrated:
Drinking plenty of fluids can help prevent dehydration, which can contribute to muscle cramps.
Manage Stress:
Stress can exacerbate menstrual pain, so finding healthy ways to manage it, like deep breathing or spending time in nature, can be beneficial.
Consider Dietary Changes:
Limiting processed foods, sugar, and caffeine and focusing on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats may help reduce inflammation and cramping.

5. When to Seek Medical Advice:
If your cramps are severe, interfere with your daily life, or are accompanied by other symptoms like heavy bleeding, severe nausea, or fever, it’s important to see a doctor.
A doctor can help rule out underlying medical conditions and recommend appropriate treatment options, such as hormonal birth control or other medications.

AI in healthcare is transforming diagnostics, treatments, and patient care by analyzing medical data, automating tasks, and aiding in research, potentially leading to earlier disease detection, personalized medicine, and improved efficiency.

Here’s a more detailed look at AI’s impact on healthcare:

1. Enhanced Diagnostics and Treatment:
Image Analysis:
AI algorithms can analyze medical images (X-rays, MRIs, CT scans) to identify diseases and abnormalities with greater accuracy and speed than human experts.
Personalized Medicine:
AI can analyze patient data (genetic information, medical history) to personalize treatment plans and predict patient responses to therapies.
Early Disease Detection:
AI can help identify diseases at earlier stages, when treatment is often more effective.
Drug Discovery and Development:
AI can accelerate drug discovery and development by analyzing vast amounts of data to identify potential drug candidates and predict their effectiveness.

2. Automation and Efficiency:
Administrative Tasks:
AI can automate routine administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments, managing patient records, and processing insurance claims, freeing up healthcare professionals to focus on patient care.
Robotic Surgery:
AI-powered robotic surgery systems can assist surgeons with complex procedures, improving precision and reducing surgical errors.
Remote Monitoring:
AI-powered wearable devices and sensors can monitor patients remotely, allowing healthcare providers to detect early warning signs of illness and intervene promptly.

3. Research and Development:
Data Analysis:
AI can analyze large datasets to identify patterns and trends, helping researchers to understand diseases and develop new treatments.
Clinical Trials:
AI can help optimize clinical trials by identifying suitable patients, predicting trial outcomes, and accelerating the recruitment process.

4. Challenges and Considerations:
Data Privacy and Security:
Protecting patient data and ensuring the security of AI systems are crucial concerns.
Ethical Considerations:
AI in healthcare raises ethical questions about bias, fairness, and accountability.
Regulatory Compliance:
AI systems used in healthcare must comply with relevant regulations and standards.
Public Trust:
Ensuring public trust in AI-powered healthcare solutions is essential for their successful implementation.
Job Displacement:
Some healthcare jobs may be impacted by automation, requiring healthcare professionals to adapt to new roles and responsibilities.

DOWN SYNDROME: HOW YOU CAN HELP INCREASE THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF THOSE AFFECTED.

According to the National Down Syndrome Society, the life expectancy of people with down syndrome in 1983 was reported to be 25 years. In recent years, individuals with DS have been known to live into their sixties. Down syndrome occurs because of an extra copy of chromosome 21 which leads to developmental delays, mental and physical challenges. The disorder cannot be prevented and is not caused by what a parent did or didn’t do. However, with a great support system, individuals with DS lead a long, happy, and fulfilled life.

Why is a strong support system advocated?

In recent years, individuals with Down syndrome have showcased remarkable abilities, prompting a shift in societal perceptions and acceptance of their roles within the community. Research indicates that these individuals tend to meet the elevated expectations set by their families and society when they receive sufficient support and encouragement. Rusell O’Grady, McDonald’s employee for 32 years, exemplifies an individual with Down syndrome who led a joyful life, spreading smiles each day despite his challenges. For children born with Down Syndrome, early intervention services like Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech/feeding therapy can help boost their development. A great support from the family makes living to their fullest potential possible. In addition, DS comes with several health challenges including heart defects, hearing and vision problems, thyroid disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, and immune system deficiencies. Studies show that approximately 40% to 50% of children with DS are born with congenital heart defects (CHD). But with regular medical check-ups, early interventions, and lifelong healthcare support, the quality of life of these individuals can be improved.

How can we support people with DS to improve their Life Expectancy?
1. Promotion of Early and Regular Healthcare:
DS comes with multiple health challenges necessitating proactive medical intervention and routine medical checkups. This enhances early development and ensures better health outcomes over time. If you find yourself in the same space with someone with DS, encourage them to go for regular screenings/ medical checkups as this aids early diagnosis and treatment. With early screenings and routine checkups, heart defects, hearing, and vision issues, coupled with hypothyroidism can be detected and managed, preventing future complications. In addition, timely intervention helps to maximize a child’s potential, which improves their independence and social inclusion.

2. Enhancing Cognitive and Emotional Well-being
Targeted support aimed at improving cognitive and emotional well-being help individuals with DS help reach their full potential and lead healthier, happier lives. For instance, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and specialized education improves memory, problem solving and language skills. Employing visual aids, along with repeated exposure and interactive tasks, significantly aids in information processing capabilities. Also, with counseling, support from peer groups, and mindfulness exercises, individuals with DS can manage stress and emotional distress effectively. Providing the right support leads to improved independence, better mental health, and longevity.

3. Strengthening Community Support and Inclusion
Building community support and fostering inclusion are essential for enhancing the quality of life, health outcomes, and life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome. An inclusive community that fosters acceptance, accessibility, and equal opportunities cultivates an atmosphere in which individuals with Down syndrome can thrive and reach their maximum potential. Schools and workplaces should endeavor to provide an inclusive environment as this would not only build their self-esteem but improve confidence as well. Fostering a more inclusive society benefits everyone involved. It not only aids individuals with Down syndrome but also enriches the entire community by encouraging diversity, empathy, and a collective spirit.

In accordance with the 2025 World Down Syndrome theme, “Improve Our Support Systems,” lets us collaborate to enhance the support provided to individuals with Down syndrome, enabling them to lead healthier, happier, and more fulfilling lives.

There is a lot of belief that glaucoma is the cause of every blindness. But the fact is that if you have been diagnosed with glaucoma, you can still maintain functional vision throughout your life.

What is glaucoma?
Glaucoma is an eye condition that progressively impairs vision by inflicting harm on the optic nerve. In a healthy eye, fluid drainage occurs through the drainage angle as more aqueous humor flows in, keeping the eye pressure stable. In glaucoma, the function of the drainage angle is impaired leading to a fluid build up, which in turn increases the eye pressure (called the intraocular pressure). According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, “Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness for people over 60 years old. But blindness from glaucoma can often be prevented with early treatment”. The National Eye Institute also states that vision loss from glaucoma can be averted with early prevention and treatment.

What are the two major types of Glaucoma?
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)- This is the most prevalent type of glaucoma. Here, there is an elevated resistance to the normal flow of aqueous humor, which causes a rise in intraocular pressure. In the initial phases, symptoms are usually absent, highlighting the importance of early detection. In fact, POAG does not cause any eye pain. However, as the disease progresses over time, it can result in vision loss and blindness if not treated. Clinical trial evidence shows that reducing intraocular pressure effectively halts the progression of the disease in both its early and advanced stages.

Primary closed angle glaucoma (PACG) – In PACG, angle closure is the primary concern, while elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) results from the angle closure. The most common mechanism here is pupillary block. This happens when the aqueous humor is unable to move freely from the posterior chamber, located behind the iris, to the anterior chamber, situated in front of the iris, because the lens is too close to the back surface of the iris. This variation in pressure leads to a forward displacement of the peripheral iris, thereby blocking the trabecular meshwork and contributing to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). Recent research studies has shown that the angle closure process can be halted in the early stages preventing PACG.

What are the contributing factors to vision loss in glaucoma?
There are factors that promote vision loss in glaucoma. And without the knowledge of these factors and what to do to forestall them, you will be caught unawares by this “silent thief of sight’. That is to say that if patients with Glaucoma are not diagnosed early, these factors progress over time leading to irreversible blindness. Some of the factors include;

1. Elevated intraocular pressure: This is a significant risk factor for glaucoma. Higher IOP in patients can lead to damage to the optic nerve, which is crucial for vision. Increased IOP has been attributed to higher disease risk by 10%. However, this factor can be modified and according to a series of randomized trials, treatments focused on decreasing baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) can be successful in preventing the development and progression of open-angle glaucoma (POAG). It is important to note that exercise like heavy weightlifting, intense resistance training, or activities that involve breath-holding (Valsalva maneuver) should be avoided if you’ve been diagnosed with IOP. This is because research studies have shown that it causes transient surges in intraocular pressure (IOP).

2. Age- The occurrence of open-angle glaucoma rises with advancing age. Studies show that among Americans aged 73 to 74 years, the prevalence rate stands at 3.4%, and rises to 9.4% for individuals over the age of 75. There is a correlation between older age and a higher degree of optic nerve damage, as well as an accelerated rate of glaucoma advancement. The aging process is believed to heighten the susceptibility of the optic nerve to damage associated with intraocular pressure (IOP). Hence, older patients need enhanced intraocular pressure management to avert the progression of the disease.

3. Optic Nerve Properties: The anatomy of the optic nerve can vary, and factors such as the cup-to-disc (CDR) ratio may indicate a greater likelihood of damage and visual deterioration. The CDR is the relationship between the size of the optic cup (which is the depression found in the optic nerve) and the size of the optic disc (the area through which the optic nerve enters the eye). A CDR of 0.6 or higher raises suspicion for glaucoma, though it does not confirm the diagnosis.

4. Genetic Factors: A family history of glaucoma increases the risk of the disease. Genetic factors like mutation in specific genes play an important role in the development and progression of glaucoma through various pathogenic mechanisms. For instance, the MYOC (myocilin) gene mutations contribute to roughly 8-36% of juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and about 2-4% of adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This prevalence differs based on the ethnicity of the population examined.

5. Thinner Central Cornea: There is a significant association between central cornea thickness and risk of developing glaucoma. A reduced cornea thickness has been linked to a heightened risk of disease progression. For every 40 micrometer reduction in central corneal thickness (CCT),the probability of disease progression rises with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.45. This suggests that corneas of reduced thickness are associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma.

Why is early detection/prevention encouraged?

Glaucoma is asymptomatic in its early stages which makes it challenging to be diagnosed clinically. It frequently goes undetected until significant vision impairment has taken place. Early detection of glaucoma reduces visual impairment and blindness, while also being an effective means of reducing costs. Efficient methods of glaucoma screening are therefore warranted for early detection of disease. Routine eye examinations are essential, particularly for individuals who are at an elevated risk, such as older adults and individuals with a familial predisposition to glaucoma. These assessments facilitate the early identification of increased IOP, angle closure or other concerning indicators that could result in any type of glaucoma.
For individuals identified as having primary angle closure suspects (PACS), advancements in treatment like the laser peripheral iridotomy and/or iridoplasty, are proving effective to open the angle or halt the angle closure process in primary angle-closure glaucoma. Hence, with early detection, PACG may be preventable in the early stages. For the management of IOP, more effective and better tolerated drugs are being developed. In 2023, the FDA approved iDose TR (Glaukos), a travopost implant designed to effectively reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients suffering from open-angle glaucoma. This has been reported to reduce ocular pressure by 6-7 mmHg. Also, there are ongoing advancements in the creation of new treatments designed to directly target and preserve the retinal ganglion cells that suffer damage due to glaucoma.
Ultimately, with regular eye examinations, glaucomatic symptoms can be identified and treated preventing disease progression and averting blindless.

Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord and spine don’t close completely during pregnancy, potentially causing a range of symptoms and requiring medical interventions.
Here’s a more detailed overview of spina bifida:

What it is:
Neural Tube Defect:
Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect, meaning the neural tube (which develops into the brain and spinal cord) doesn’t close properly during early pregnancy.
Varies in Severity:
The condition can range from mild to severe, depending on the location and extent of the spinal defect.

Types:
Spina Bifida Occulta: A mild form where the spinal cord and nerves are in their normal place, but there’s a gap in the vertebrae, often without visible signs.
Meningocele: A sac containing spinal fluid protrudes through the gap in the spine, but the spinal cord remains inside the spinal canal.
Myelomeningocele: The most severe form, where a sac containing spinal fluid, meninges, and part of the spinal cord protrudes through the opening in the spine and skin.
Causes and Risk Factors:

Early Pregnancy:
Spina bifida develops during the first few weeks of pregnancy when the neural tube is forming.
Folic Acid Deficiency:
Lack of folic acid (vitamin B9) before and during early pregnancy is a significant risk factor.
Other Factors:
The exact causes are not fully understood, but other factors may include genetics, certain medications, and maternal health conditions.

Symptoms:
Visible Signs:
Depending on the type of spina bifida, there may be a visible sac on the back, a tuft of hair, a birthmark, or a dimple.
Neurological Problems:
Some individuals with spina bifida may experience weakness, loss of sensation, or paralysis in their legs and feet.
Other Complications:
Bowel and bladder control problems, hydrocephalus (excess fluid in the brain), and scoliosis (curvature of the spine) are also possible.

Treatment and Management:
Surgery:
Surgery is often needed to close the opening in the spine and prevent further complications.
Ongoing Care:
Individuals with spina bifida may require ongoing medical care, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other therapies to address specific needs.
Mobility Aids:
Depending on the severity of the condition, individuals may need mobility aids like braces, crutches, or wheelchairs.

Managing Complications:
Treatment focuses on managing complications such as hydrocephalus, bowel and bladder problems, and other health issues.
Living with Spina Bifida:
Long-Term Care:
Spina bifida is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and support.
Specialized Services:
Individuals with spina bifida may benefit from specialized services and support groups.
Advocacy and Support:
Organizations like the Spina Bifida Association offer resources and support for families and individuals affected by spina bifida.

Chlamydia, a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI), is often asymptomatic but can cause serious health problems if left untreated, including pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women. It’s easily treated with antibiotics, but partners must also be treated to prevent reinfection.
Here’s a comprehensive overview of chlamydia:
1. What is Chlamydia?
Chlamydia is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
It’s one of the most common STIs, and many people are unaware they have it because it often has no symptoms.
Chlamydia is easily curable with antibiotics.
2. How is Chlamydia Spread?
Chlamydia is primarily spread through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the infection.
It can also be transmitted from a mother to her baby during childbirth, potentially causing eye or pneumonia infections in the newborn.
Sharing sex toys without proper cleaning can also spread the infection.
3. Who is at Risk?
Anyone who is sexually active can get chlamydia.
Younger people, especially those under 25, are at higher risk.
People with multiple partners or who don’t consistently use condoms are also at greater risk.
4. Symptoms of Chlamydia
Many people with chlamydia have no symptoms.
When symptoms do occur, they can include:
Abnormal vaginal discharge or discharge from the penis.
Pain or burning during urination.
Pain or swelling in the testicles (in men).
Pain in the abdomen or lower back.
Bleeding between periods or after intercourse (in women).
Symptoms may not appear until several weeks after exposure.
5. Complications of Untreated Chlamydia
In women:
Untreated chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can cause chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
In men:
Untreated chlamydia can cause swelling and pain in the tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles, potentially leading to infertility.
In newborns:
Chlamydia can be passed to a baby during childbirth, causing pneumonia or eye infections.
6. Diagnosis and Treatment
Chlamydia is diagnosed through urine or swab tests.
It’s easily treated with antibiotics, either a single dose or a short course of medication.
It’s crucial to inform sexual partners about the infection so they can also be tested and treated.
Avoid sexual activity until treatment is complete and symptoms are gone.
Re-testing is recommended 3 months after treatment to ensure the infection has cleared and to check for reinfection.
7. Prevention
Use condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity .
Get tested regularly for STIs, especially if you are at higher risk .
Limit the number of sexual partners .
Avoid sharing sex toys .
Communicate openly with your partners about your sexual health .

There is a lot of belief that glaucoma is the cause of every blindness. But the fact is that if you have been diagnosed with glaucoma, you can still maintain functional vision throughout your life.

What is glaucoma?
Glaucoma is an eye condition that progressively impairs vision by inflicting harm on the optic nerve. In a healthy eye, fluid drainage occurs through the drainage angle as more aqueous humor flows in, keeping the eye pressure stable. In glaucoma, the function of the drainage angle is impaired leading to a fluid buildup, which in turn increases the eye pressure (called the intraocular pressure). According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, “Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness for people over 60 years old. But blindness from glaucoma can often be prevented with early treatment”. The National Eye Institute also states that vision loss from glaucoma can be averted with early prevention and treatment.

What are the two major types of Glaucoma?
Primary open angle glaucoma- YET TO DEVELOP THIS CONTENT
Primary closed angle glaucoma- In PACG, angle closure is the primary concern, while elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) results from the angle closure. The most common mechanism here is pupillary block. This happens when the aqueous humor is unable to move freely from the posterior chamber, located behind the iris, to the anterior chamber, situated in front of the iris, because the lens is too close to the back surface of the iris. This variation in pressure leads to a forward displacement of the peripheral iris, thereby blocking the trabecular meshwork and contributing to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). Recent research studies have shown that the angle closure process can be halted in the early stages preventing PACG.

What are the contributing factors to vision loss in glaucoma?
There are factors that promote vision loss in glaucoma. And without the knowledge of these factors and what to do to forestall them, you will be caught unawares by this “silent thief of sight’. That is to say that if patients with Glaucoma are not diagnosed early, these factors progress over time leading to irreversible blindness. Some of the factors include;

1. Elevated intraocular pressure-This is a significant risk factor for glaucoma. Higher IOP in patients can lead to damage to the optic nerve, which is crucial for vision. Increased IOP has been attributed to higher disease risk by 10%. However, this factor can be modified and according to a series of randomized trials, treatments focused on decreasing baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) can be successful in preventing the development and progression of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). It is important to note that exercise like heavy weightlifting, intense resistance training, or activities that involve breath-holding (Valsalva maneuver) should be avoided if you’ve been diagnosed with IOP. This is because research studies have shown that it causes transient surges in intraocular pressure (IOP).

2. Age- The occurrence of open-angle glaucoma rises with advancing age. Studies show that among Americans aged 73 to 74 years, the prevalence rate stands at 3.4%, and rises to 9.4% for individuals over the age of 75. There is a correlation between older age and a higher degree of optic nerve damage, as well as an accelerated rate of glaucoma advancement. The aging process is believed to heighten the susceptibility of the optic nerve to damage associated with intraocular pressure (IOP). Hence, older patients need enhanced intraocular pressure management to avert the progression of the disease.
3. Optic Nerve Properties: The anatomy of the optic nerve can vary, and factors such as the cup-to-disc (CDR) ratio may indicate a greater likelihood of damage and visual deterioration. The CDR is the relationship between the size of the optic cup (which is the depression found in the optic nerve) and the size of the optic disc (the area through which the optic nerve enters the eye). A CDR of 0.6 or higher raises suspicion for glaucoma, though it does not confirm the diagnosis.

4. Genetic Factors: A family history of glaucoma increases the risk of the disease. Genetic factors like mutation in specific genes play an important role in the development and progression of glaucoma through various pathogenic mechanisms. For instance, the MYOC (myocilin) gene mutations contribute to roughly 8-36% of juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and about 2-4% of adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This prevalence differs based on the ethnicity of the population examined.

5. Thinner Central Cornea: There is a significant association between central cornea thickness and risk of developing glaucoma. A reduced cornea thickness has been linked to a heightened risk of disease progression. For every 40 micrometer reduction in central corneal thickness (CCT), the probability of disease progression rises with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.45. This suggests that corneas of reduced thickness are associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma.

Why is early detection/prevention encouraged?
Glaucoma is asymptomatic in its early stages which makes it challenging to be diagnosed clinically. It frequently goes undetected until significant vision impairment has taken place. Early detection of glaucoma reduces visual impairment and blindness, while also being an effective means of reducing costs. Efficient methods of glaucoma screening are therefore warranted for early detection of disease.
Routine eye examinations are essential, particularly for individuals who are at an elevated risk, such as older adults and individuals with a familial predisposition to glaucoma. These assessments facilitate the early identification of angle closure or other concerning indicators that could result in any type of glaucoma. For individuals identified as having primary angle closure suspects (PACS), advancements in treatment like the laser peripheral iridotomy and/or iridoplasty, are proving effective to open the angle or halt the angle closure process in primary angle-closure glaucoma. Hence, with early detection, PACG may be preventable in the early stages.

credit: Pharm. Ifeoma Okeke

Staying healthy and making healthy lifestyle choices is essential for preventing chronic diseases, improving quality of life, and maintaining overall well-being. Here are some practical tips for patients to stay healthy and make informed health choices:

### 1. **Eat a Balanced and Nutritious Diet**
– **Focus on Whole Foods:** Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats in your diet.
– **Limit Processed Foods:** Avoid foods high in added sugars, salt, and unhealthy fats.
– **Portion Control:** Be mindful of portion sizes to avoid overeating.
– **Stay Hydrated:** Drink plenty of water throughout the day.

### 2. **Engage in Regular Physical Activity**
– **Aim for 150 Minutes per Week:** Engage in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (e.g., brisk walking, cycling) for at least 30 minutes most days.
– **Incorporate Strength Training:** Include muscle-strengthening activities (e.g., weightlifting, resistance bands) at least twice a week.
– **Stay Active Daily:** Take the stairs, walk instead of driving short distances, or do household chores to stay active.

### 3. **Maintain a Healthy Weight**
– **Balance Calories:** Consume only as many calories as you burn through physical activity.
– **Monitor Weight:** Regularly check your weight and body mass index (BMI) to ensure it falls within a healthy range.
– **Seek Professional Help:** Consult a dietitian or healthcare provider for personalized weight management advice.

### 4. **Get Enough Sleep**
– **Aim for 7-9 Hours:** Adults should get 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night.
– **Establish a Routine:** Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.
– **Create a Sleep-Friendly Environment:** Keep your bedroom dark, quiet, and cool.

### 5. **Manage Stress**
– **Practice Relaxation Techniques:** Try deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or mindfulness to reduce stress.
– **Stay Connected:** Maintain strong social connections with family and friends.
– **Seek Help:** If stress becomes overwhelming, consider talking to a mental health professional.

### 6. **Avoid Harmful Habits**
– **Quit Smoking:** Smoking is a leading cause of preventable diseases. Seek help to quit if needed.
– **Limit Alcohol:** Drink in moderation (up to 1 drink per day for women, 2 for men).
– **Avoid Illicit Drugs:** Stay away from recreational drugs and misuse of prescription medications.

### 7. **Stay Up-to-Date on Preventive Care**
– **Regular Check-Ups:** Visit your healthcare provider for routine screenings and vaccinations.
– **Monitor Health Conditions:** If you have chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), follow your treatment plan and monitor your health regularly.
– **Know Your Numbers:** Keep track of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, and other key health metrics.

### 8. **Practice Good Hygiene**
– **Wash Hands Frequently:** Use soap and water for at least 20 seconds to prevent infections.
– **Brush and Floss Daily:** Maintain oral health by brushing twice a day and flossing regularly.
– **Cover Coughs and Sneezes:** Use a tissue or your elbow to prevent the spread of germs.

### 9. **Make Informed Health Decisions**
– **Educate Yourself:** Learn about your health conditions and treatment options.
– **Ask Questions:** Discuss concerns with your healthcare provider and ask for clarification when needed.
– **Follow Medical Advice:** Adhere to prescribed treatments and medications.

### 10. **Stay Mentally and Emotionally Healthy**
– **Engage in Hobbies:** Pursue activities that bring you joy and relaxation.
– **Practice Gratitude:** Focus on positive aspects of life to improve mental well-being.
– **Seek Support:** Don’t hesitate to reach out to friends, family, or professionals for emotional support.

### 11. **Build Healthy Habits Gradually**
– **Set Realistic Goals:** Start with small, achievable changes and build on them over time.
– **Track Progress:** Use a journal or app to monitor your health goals and celebrate successes.
– **Stay Consistent:** Consistency is key to maintaining long-term health.

### 12. **Stay Informed About Health Trends**
– **Rely on Credible Sources:** Get health information from trusted sources like healthcare providers, government health websites, or reputable organizations.
– **Be Skeptical of Fads:** Avoid unproven health trends or quick fixes that sound too good to be true.

### Final Thoughts:
Making healthy choices is a lifelong commitment. Small, consistent changes can lead to significant improvements in health over time. Encourage patients to take an active role in their health by setting realistic goals, staying informed, and seeking support when needed.

Let me know if you’d like more detailed advice on any of these topics! 😊